Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects

The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in producing non-thermal effects have not been clearly established. However, studies in the literature, reviewed here, provide substantial support for such direct targets. Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers block or greatly lower diverse EMF effects. Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. Downstream responses of such EMF exposures may be mediated through Ca(2+) /calmodulin stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Potentially, physiological/therapeutic responses may be largely as a result of nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway stimulation. A well-studied example of such an apparent therapeutic response, EMF stimulation of bone growth, appears to work along this pathway. However, pathophysiological responses to EMFs may be as a result of nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-oxidative stress pathway of action. A single such well-documented example, EMF induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells, as measured by alkaline comet assays, is reviewed here. Such single-strand breaks are known to be produced through the action of this pathway. Data on the mechanism of EMF induction of such breaks are limited; what data are available support this proposed mechanism. Other Ca(2+) -mediated regulatory changes, independent of nitric oxide, may also have roles. This article reviews, then, a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain therapeutic and pathophysiological effects.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242331926_Electromagnetic_fields_act_via_activation_of_voltage-gated_calcium_channels_to_produce_beneficial_or_adverse_effects

Authors note: Order comes from chaos, the scientific community is adverse to this fact...

The Golden Principle, Quantum Critical State, and the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

On the atomic scale particles do not behave as we know it in the macro-atomic world. New properties emerge which are the result of an effect known as the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. In order to study these nanoscale quantum effects the researchers have focused on the magnetic material cobalt niobate. It consists of linked magnetic atoms, which form chains just like a very thin bar magnet, but only one atom wide and are a useful model for describing ferromagnetism on the nanoscale in solid state matter.

When applying a magnetic field at right angles to an aligned spin the magnetic chain will transform into a new state called quantum critical, which can be thought of as a quantum version of a fractal pattern. Prof. Alan Tennant, the leader of the Berlin group, explains "The system reaches a quantum uncertain -- or a Schrödinger cat state. This is what we did in our experiments with cobalt niobate. We have tuned the system exactly in order to turn it quantum critical."

By tuning the system and artificially introducing more quantum uncertainty the researchers observed that the chain of atoms acts like a nanoscale guitar string.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100107143909.htm

Neutron spectroscopy measures the atomic and magnetic motions of atoms. 

https://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/Pages/Neutron-spectroscopy.aspx

Electromagnetic Therapy: A Primer

Electromagnetic (EM) signals are increasingly used in both systemic and local medical applications. We attempt here to provide  an  outline  of  the  types  of  signals  currently  in  use.

This also necessitates a general introductory classification of EM signal types, based on how each signal varies in time.

Although EM medicine includes both diagnostic and ther-apeutic applications (Figure 34.1), the medical community is far more familiar with the former, especially with magnetic resonance  imaging  (MRI),  electromyography  (EMG),  electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (EKG), and magnetocardiography (MKG).

There  are  historical  reasons  for  the  medical  unfamiliarity (even antipathy) with electromagnetically based therapies.

One has only to look at the beginnings of modern medicine in  the  United  States,  specifically  the  1910  Flexner  report1,2 that  provided  the  basis  for  medical  education  today.

Prior  to  this  report  there  was  widespread  use  of  electromagnetic  techniques  in  medicine,  often  little  more  than  late  nineteenth century versions of snake oil cures.

In great measure, the  present  aversion  to  electromagnetic  therapies  built  into  modern  medicine  is  a  direct  result  of  Victorian  age  quackery.

This  century-old  prejudice  has  carried  though  to  today  even  as  it  becomes  clearer  that  weak  (low  intensity)  magnetic fields exhibit physiological effects that must be considered  separately  from  those  caused  by  high  intensity  fields.

Although the effects related to exposures at large fields are, as a rule, readily explained by known physical interactions, usually  Faraday  induction  or  joule  heating,  the  weak-field  effects, often rather robust, remain mostly unexplained.

This has unfortunately opened the door for many electromagnetic nostrums of dubious value.A  few  of  the  examples  we  mention  below  illustrate  the  useful therapeutic delivery of heat by electromagnetic means.

The most interesting applications are, however, nonthermal.

Further,  we  exclude  from  our  discussion  treatments  that  involve signals directly applied to specific regions of the body by  subcutaneous  means,  such  as  pacemakers,  defibrillators,  deep  brain  stimulators  (DBS),  etc.

Unlike  electromagnetic  applications, which are mostly unexplained, these represent techniques for replacing or enhancing faulty existing physi-ological electrical stimulations.
(PDF) Electromagnetic Therapy: A Primer.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303911386_Electromagnetic_Therapy_A_Primer

Statistical analysis and prospective application of the GM-scale, a semi-harmonic EMF scale proposed to discriminate between 'coherent' and 'decoherent' EM frequencies on life conditions

Remember Nobel prize awarded recently for circadian rhythm in biology:

"The Generalized Music (GM)-scale is an acoustic (octave-like) algorithm of 12 tones that describes the electromagnetic (EM) frequency band pattern discovered from a meta-analysis of in total 468 biomedical research papers. 

These studies reported either beneficial or detrimental effects of electromagnetic frequencies (EMF) on biological tissues/cells in vitro or whole organisms in vivo. 

The apparent quantized pattern of EM frequency bands was postulated to represent a potential 'quantum algorithm of life'. 

In the present paper a statistical analysis is made of the overall data underlying this patterned EM frequency distribution. 

Data were sorted according to their features to be either beneficial, 'coherent' frequencies or detrimental, 'decoherent' frequencies and grouped around the theoretical 12 GM-scale values. 

A Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to discriminate between these data populations and this test showed that the difference between the 'coherent' and 'decoherent' data sets is indeed statistically significant (p<0.0025) for all of the 12 GM-scale groups. 

The mean values of the groups correspond very well with the postulated GM-scale values (difference <0,9%). 

To analyze the fit of the biomedical EM-frequency data to the GM-scale algorithm values, 24 alternating and "decoherent' frequency bands were defined and the life data were plotted in these bands. 

This test showed that 89.4% of 'coherent' data and 83.4% of 'decoherent' data corresponded to their respective frequency bands. 

The particular band widths, and consequently the related error margins, are very small (2.6%-3.3%). 

A prospective method is demonstrated to apply the GM-scale algorithm to identify (label) experimental or already published EM frequency data as potential "coherent' or "decoherent'. 

These and future analyses of experimental data with respect to the fit of their EM frequencies to the GM-scale will help to further validate this algorithm as a new biophysical principle."

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333844547_Statistical_analysis_and_prospective_application_of_the_GM-scale_a_semi-harmonic_EMF_scale_proposed_to_discriminate_between_'coherent'_and_'decoherent'_EM_frequencies_on_life_conditions