Disregard, unless you are a Researcher

This is theory which supports all the other posts, most visitors should disregard this informative publication, as it is high level theory:

The Biotic Pattern of Prime Numbers Supports the Bios Theory of Creative Evolution from Radiation to Complexity
http://necsi.edu/events/iccs7/papers/3114216e0aebd76eb51ebe74680c.pdf

Towards non-invasive cancer diagnostics and treatment based on electromagnetic fields, optomechanics and microtubules

In this paper, we discuss biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields in the context of cancer biology. In particular, we review the nanomechanical properties of microtubules (MTs), the latter being one of the most successful targets for cancer therapy. We propose an investigation on the coupling of electromagnetic radiation to mechanical vibrations of MTs as an important basis for biological and medical applications. In our opinion optomechanical methods can accurately monitor and control the mechanical properties of isolated MTs in a liquid environment. Consequently, studying nanomechanical properties of MTs may give useful information for future applications to diagnostic and therapeutic technologies involving non-invasive externally applied physical fields. For example, electromagnetic fields or high intensity ultrasound can be used therapeutically avoiding harmful side effects of chemotherapeutic agents or classical radiation therapy.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319327215_Towards_non-invasive_cancer_diagnostics_and_treatment_based_on_electromagnetic_fields_optomechanics_and_microtubules

Electric fields and biological cells: numerical insight into possible interaction mechanisms

Exposure of cells and tissues to electric fields can lead to a variety of physiological changes. These changes are caused by the interactions between the incident field and biological, chemical and electric (magnetic) processes. Evaluating whether the physiological changes are beneficial or harmful to the functionality of cells and tissues requires understanding the nature of the interactions, which can be associated with either thermal or non-thermal (bio)-effects. Although a considerable amount of research worldwide has shed light on these effects and their influence in the biological response, much more is left to say about the possible interaction mechanisms and the underlying biological processes modified by the incident field. In fact, the adequate conditions of exposure (dosimetry) needed for cells and tissues to trigger a certain positive response and avoid possible damage are still a matter of debate. Moreover, concerns coming from social sectors about the hazards of the exposure have motivated multiple studies that have yielded controversial results. In view of the lack of knowledge on the biological cues suitable for explaining the effects, and in the light of the social interest in clarifying possible risks derived from the exposure, the aim of this thesis is to identify and assess possible interaction mechanisms between an incident electric field and biological cells and tissues. These mechanisms are elucidated upon determination of the electrical response of biological cells exposed to electric fields, which is obtained by means of the numerical implementation and solution of mathematical models formulated from a biophysics standpoint which combines the fundamentals of biological cells and tissues with the electromagnetic theory. In a first group of models, a numerical approach suitable to model multiple cells based on the quasi-static approximation and the equivalent dipole moment of a dielectric sphere is presented.
https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/10243383/20151217_CO_Vanegas.pdf

Bioeffects of Static Magnetic Fields: Oxidative Stress, Genotoxic Effects, and Cancer Studies

Abstract

The interaction of static magnetic fields (SMFs) with living organisms is a rapidly growing field of investigation. The magnetic fields (MFs) effect observed with radical pair recombination is one of the well-known mechanisms by which MFs interact with biological systems. Exposure to SMF can increase the activity, concentration, and life time of paramagnetic free radicals, which might cause oxidative stress, genetic mutation, and/or apoptosis. Current evidence suggests that cell proliferation can be influenced by a treatment with both SMFs and anticancer drugs. It has been recently found that SMFs can enhance the anticancer effect of chemotherapeutic drugs; this may provide a new strategy for cancer therapy. This review focuses on our own data and other data from the literature of SMFs bioeffects. Three main areas of investigation have been covered: free radical generation and oxidative stress, apoptosis and genotoxicity, and cancer. After an introduction on SMF classification and medical applications, the basic phenomena to understand the bioeffects are described. The scientific literature is summarized, integrated, and critically analyzed with the help of authoritative reviews by recognized experts; international safety guidelines are also cited.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/602987/

Low intensity and frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields selectively impair breast cancer cell viability.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION:

A common drawback of many anticancer therapies is non-specificity in action of killing. We investigated the potential of ultra-low intensity and frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) to kill breast cancer cells. Our criteria to accept this technology as a potentially valid therapeutic approach were: 1) cytotoxicity to breast cancer cells and; 2) that the designed fields proved innocuous to healthy cell classes that would be exposed to the PEMFs during clinical treatment.

METHODS:

MCF7 breast cancer cells and their normal counterparts, MCF10 cells, were exposed to PEMFs and cytotoxic indices measured in order to design PEMF paradigms that best kill breast cancer cells. The PEMF parameters tested were: 1) frequencies ranging from 20 to 50 Hz; 2) intensities ranging from 2 mT to 5 mT and; 3) exposure durations ranging from 30 to 90 minutes per day for up to three days to determine the optimum parameters for selective cancer cell killing.

RESULTS:

We observed a discrete window of vulnerability of MCF7 cells to PEMFs of 20 Hz frequency, 3 mT magnitude and exposure duration of 60 minutes per day. The cell damage accrued in response to PEMFs increased with time and gained significance after three days of consecutive daily exposure. By contrast, the PEMFs parameters determined to be most cytotoxic to breast cancer MCF-7 cells were not damaging to normal MCF-10 cells.

CONCLUSION:

Based on our data it appears that PEMF-based anticancer strategies may represent a new therapeutic approach to treat breast cancer without affecting normal tissues in a manner that is non-invasive and can be potentially combined with existing anti-cancer treatments.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24039828

Effect of Magnetic Field on the Biological Clock through the Radical Pair Mechanism

The Nobel prize for medicine was awarded last year based on this subject:

Abstract—There is an ongoing controversy in the literature related to the biological effects of weak, low frequency electromagnetic fields. The physical arguments and interpretation of the experimental evidence are inconsistent, where some physical arguments and experimental demonstrations tend to reject the likelihood of any effect of the fields at extremely low level. The problem arises of explaining, how the low-energy influences of weak magnetic fields can compete with the thermal and electrical noise of cells at normal temperature using the theoretical studies. The magnetoreception in animals involve radical pair mechanism. The same mechanism has been shown to be involved in the circadian rhythm synchronization in mammals. These reactions can be influenced by the weak magnetic fields. Hence, it is postulated the biological clock can be affected by weak magnetic fields and these disruptions to the rhythm can cause adverse biological effects. In this paper, likelihood of altering the biological clock via the radical pair mechanism is analyzed to simplify these studies of controversy.
http://people.eng.unimelb.edu.au/malkah/Publications/2010_BiologicalClock.pdf

Experimental studies on ultralow frequency pulsed gradient magnetic field inducing apoptosis of cancer cell and inhibiting growth of cancer cell

The morphology characteristics of cell apoptosis of the malignant tumour cells in magnetic field-treated mouse was observed for the first time. The apoptotic cancer cell contracted, became rounder and divorced from adjacent cells; the heterochromatin condensed and coagulated together along the inner side of the nuclear membrane; the endoplasmic reticulums (ER) expanded and fused with the cellular membrane; many apoptotic bodies which were packed by the cellular membrane appeared and were devoured by some lymphocytes and plasma. Apoptosis of cancer cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediatedin situ nick end labeling (TUNEL). It was found that the number of apoptosis cancer cells of the sample treated by the magnetic field is more than that of the control sample. The growth of malignant tumour in mice was inhibited and the ability of immune cell to dissolve cancer cells was improved by ultralow frequency (ULF) pulsed gradient magnetic field; the nuclei DNA contents decreased, indicating that magnetic field can block DNA replication and inhibit mitosis of cancer cells. It was suggested that magnetic field could inhibit the metabolism of cancer cell, lower its malignancy, and restrain its rapid and heteromorphic growth. Since ULF pulsed gradient magnetic field can induce apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibit the growth of malignant tumour, it could be used as a new method to treat cancer.
https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1360/02yc9004?no-access=true

UAB RESEARCHERS FIND NEW PATH TO CONTROL TUMOR GROWTH

Very low levels of amplitude-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields block cancer-cell growth in a tumor- and tissue-specific fashion, says Boris Pasche, M.D., Ph.D., director of the UAB Division of Hematology and Oncology. Pasche (pictured, at right) and a research team led by Jacquelyn Zimmerman, graduate student in the UAB Medical Scientist Training Program, conducted studies with cancer cells, replicating the treatment conditions in patients with cancer. The results were published in the Dec.1, 2011, online version of the British Journal of Cancer.

The study provides the first laboratory evidence of an effect observed in earlier clinical studies when cancer cells, exposed to electromagnetic fields emitted by custom-made devices replicating patient-treatment conditions, was found to be blocked by specific modulation frequencies. The new study suggests that fine-tuning field frequency makes the effect specific to certain tissues and tumors and holds clues for how it might work.

Two earlier clinical studies suggested the growth of cancer cells may be altered following exposure to specific frequencies; however, this is the first time an effect has been observed in a laboratory setting, Pasche says.

“We now have laboratory evidence showing a direct effect on cancer cells and providing a plausible mechanism of action based on the modulation frequencies used in patients,” says Pasche. In recent studies, Pasche and his team gathered clinical evidence that very low and safe levels of amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields may elicit therapeutic responses in patients with advanced liver and breast cancer. “However, until now there was no known mechanism explaining how very low levels of electromagnetic fields might block the growth of cancer cells while sparing healthy cells” says Pasche.

Zimmerman says, “It is exciting to identify an effect targeting only tumor cells with limited side-effects for patients.  As a graduate student, it is a thrill to see translational research in action.”

An in vitro system replicating patient-treatment conditions, designed and constructed by Ivan Brezovich, Ph.D., professor and director of radiation physics in the UAB Department of Radiation Oncology, enabled scientists to examine cancer cells in the laboratory that were exposed to tumor-specific modulation frequencies. They discovered that very low levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, which are comparable to the levels administered to patients, significantly inhibited tumor-cell growth.

To determine how such frequencies impede cancer-cell growth, the team collaborated with Devin Absher, Ph.D., and Rick Myers, Ph.D., from Hudson-Alpha Institute for Biotechnology. The scientists observed the anti-proliferative effect is mediated by changes in gene expression and by disrupting dividing cells.

“This is the first experimental evidence that electromagnetic fields can both down-regulate the expression of genes that control cell migration and affect the mitotic spindle,” says Pasche. “Part of the framework that guides cells as they divide and multiply, mitotic spindles are essential to normal tissue growth and to the fast, abnormal growth seen in cancer.  Interfering with them only in cancer cells is an exciting prospect.”

“These findings uncover a new alley to control tumor growth and may have broad implications for cancer treatment,” Pasche says. “We hope these findings help develop and refine a new safe, targeted therapy to kill cancer cells without any collateral damage.”

The UAB Health System includes all of the University of Alabama at Birmingham’s patient-care activities, including UAB Hospital, the UAB Callahan Eye Hospital and The Kirklin Clinic. UAB is the state of Alabama’s largest employer and an internationally renowned research university and academic health center; its professional schools and specialty patient-care programs are consistently ranked among the nation’s top 50. UAB Hospital is one of the 10 largest in the United States. Find more information at www.uab.edu and www.uabmedicine.org.

http://www3.ccc.uab.edu/newsroom/uab-researchers-find-new-path-to-control-tumor-growth/

Electromagnetic Information Delivery as a New Perspsctive in Medicine

Abstract— Since the time of Hyppocrates it is very well known that is possible to transfer biochemical information for the treatment of human diseases by using molecules as active principle. This strategy has been the most efficient one until the time of Becker and Fr¨ohlich when we become aware that it was also possible transfer effective information to biological target by the use of electromagnetic field in the ELF range. Later on Benveniste suggested that for every chemical molecule there is only and only one electromagnetic image a kind of electromagnetic signature. Benveniste and coworkers demonstrated that picking up the physical signals of a chemical compound and transferring it to an aqueous system by mean of an electronic device this procedure was mimicking the same effect of the chemical source molecule. The transfer of the physical activity is probably mediated and can be amplified by water biophysical re-patterning. Electromagnetic Information Transfer of Specific Molecular Signals according to previous report and ours was performed in order to understand the possible role of water in mediating the electro-magnetic information transfer of biological active molecules such as retinoic acid (RA). The electromagnetic information signals from the retinoic acid solution (RA-EMIT) was captured and transferred to the target by a commercially available oscillator (Vega Select 719). The retinoic acid signals was transferred to a cell culture medium (RPMI). Neuroblastoma Cell Line (LAN5) was seeded and grown up for four days in presence of Retinoic Acid signal and/or chemical molecule. The experimental findings demonstrated that the RA signal shows the tendency to behave as a differentiating agent such as the original molecule.

These results provide further evidence that aqueous system can be tuned in a resonant manner by an appropriate electro-magnetic information delivery procedure. These data suggest a possible future application of electro-magnetic information delivery protocols for the synergic treatment of a wide range of human diseases by means of specific informative frequency patterns, delivered through and to aqueous systems, providing an important integrative tool in clinical practice.
https://emmind.net/openpapers_repos/Endogenous_Fields-Mind/Water_EMF/Information_transfer/2013_Electromagnetic_Information_Delivery_as_a_New_Perspsctive_in_Medicine.pdf

Pre-exposure of neuroblastoma cell line to pulsed electromagnetic field prevents H 2 O 2 -induced ROS production by increasing MnSOD activity

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been linked to increased risk of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases; however, EMFs can also elicit positive effects on biological systems, and redox status seems crucially involved in EMF biological effects. This study aimed to assess whether a short and repeated pulsed EMF (PEMF) could trigger adaptive responses against an oxidative insult in a neuronal cellular model. We found that a 40 min overall (four times a week, 10 min each) pre-exposure to PEMF did not affect major physiological parameters and led to a significant increase of Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase activity in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. In addition, we found PEMF-pre-exposed cells exhibited decreased reactive oxygen species production following a 30 min H2 O2 challenge, with respect to non pre-exposed cells. Our findings might provide new insights on the role played by short and repeated PEMF stimulations in the enhancement of cellular defenses against oxidative insults. Although studies in normal neuronal cells would be useful to further confirm our hypothesis, we suggest that specific PEMF treatments may have potential biological repercussions in diseases where oxidative stress is implicated.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272754781_Pre-exposure_of_neuroblastoma_cell_line_to_pulsed_electromagnetic_field_prevents_H_2_O_2_-induced_ROS_production_by_increasing_MnSOD_activity

Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects

Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects

NP

Norman Paterson

 

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Today, 11:47 PM

Sam Volchenbaum (sam@volchenboum.com)

The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in producing non-thermal effects have not been clearly established. However, studies in the literature, reviewed here, provide substantial support for such direct targets. Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers block or greatly lower diverse EMF effects. Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. Downstream responses of such EMF exposures may be mediated through Ca2+/calmodulin stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Potentially, physiological/therapeutic responses may be largely as a result of nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway stimulation. A well-studied example of such an apparent therapeutic response, EMF stimulation of bone growth, appears to work along this pathway. However, pathophysiological responses to EMFs may be as a result of nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-oxidative stress pathway of action. A single such well-documented example, EMF induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells, as measured by alkaline comet assays, is reviewed here. Such single-strand breaks are known to be produced through the action of this pathway. Data on the mechanism of EMF induction of such breaks are limited; what data are available support this proposed mechanism. Other Ca2+-mediated regulatory changes, independent of nitric oxide, may also have roles. This article reviews, then, a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain therapeutic and pathophysiological effects.
https://www.emfanalysis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/EMF-Effects-via-Voltage-Gated-Calcium-Channels-Dr-Martin-Pall.pdf

Electromagnetic Fields Mediate Efficient Cell Reprogramming into a Pluripotent State

Life on Earth is constantly exposed to natural electromagnetic fields (EMFs), and it is generally accepted that EMFs may exert a variety of effects on biological systems. Particularly, extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EL-EMFs) affect biological processes such as cell development and differentiation; however, the fundamental mechanisms by which EMFs influence these processes remain unclear. Here we show that EMF exposure induces epigenetic changes that promote efficient somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency. These epigenetic changes resulted from EMF-induced activation of the histone lysine methyltransferase Mll2. Remarkably, an EMF-free system that eliminates Earth’s naturally occurring magnetic field abrogates these epigenetic changes, resulting in a failure to undergo reprogramming. Therefore, our results reveal that EMF directly regulates dynamic epigenetic changes through Mll2, providing an efficient tool for epigenetic reprogramming including the acquisition of pluripotency.
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nn502923s

Coordinated effects of electromagnetic field exposure on erythropoietin-induced activities of phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

Initial studies with the erythropoietin-sensitive human hematopoietic cell line, TF1, demonstrated both multifarious effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on lipid signal transduction and antiproliferative effects of EMF. Stimulation of TF1 cells with erythropoietin resulted in increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity within 2 min. Addition of wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, produced a decrease in cell proliferation as measured by accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and suppression of erythropoietin-induced DNA synthesis. Similar effects on cell proliferation were seen under EMF treatment. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in erythropoietin-stimulated TF1 cells, measured in whole-cell extracts, increased 34% within 2 min and remained above basal levels for at least 20 min. EMF decreased erythropoietin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity to lower than basal levels. Additionally, translocation of the 85-kDa regulatory subunit (p85) of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the membrane was prevented by EMF. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C was activated, as reflected by increases in diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate at 15–60 s after EMF treatment. These results provide the first evidence of subtle coordinated changes by EMF associated with loss of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, inhibition of the translocation of p85 to the membrane, and activation of phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02738110

Electromagnetic information delivery as a new tool in translational medicine

Struck me as whacky, until I read it in it's entirety:

Some experimental evidences of the procedure defined as electro-magnetic information delivery, mediated through aqueous system, have accumulated in the last two decades. The present work is based on the hypotheses that an aqueous system like those enfolded in livings, could play an additional synergic role in modulating biological functions. Aqueous system could generate dissipative structures under appropriate patterns of electromagnetic signals providing basis for storing and retrieving biologic activities. External electro-magnetic stimuli in resonant conditions with some of the coherent domains of water can induce dipole moments re-patterning in a way that these structure start to oscillate coherently each other generating a new phase correlation. This procedure allows to an external electro-magnetic stimulus to be stored, translated and transferred by the aqueous systems to the biological target, driving selectively their endogenous activity mimicking the effect of a specific source molecule. Signals from a chemical differentiation agent such as Retinoic Acid (RA) was captured and transferred to the target culture medium of Neuroblastoma Cell Line (LAN-5) and the proliferation rate was assessed, in order to investigate cell responses to electromagnetic information system.
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4211758

Unraveling the mechanistic effects of electric field stimulation towards directing stem cell fate and function: A tissue engineering perspective

Electric field (EF) stimulation can play a vital role in eliciting appropriate stem cell response. Such an approach is recently being established to guide stem cell differentiation through osteogenesis/neurogenesis/cardiomyogenesis. Despite significant recent efforts, the biophysical mechanisms by which stem cells sense, interpret and transform electrical cues into biochemical and biological signals still remain unclear. The present review critically analyses the variety of EF stimulation approaches that can be employed to evoke appropriate stem cell response and also makes an attempt to summarize the underlying concepts of this notion, placing special emphasis on stem cell based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review also discusses the major signaling pathways and cellular responses that are elicited by electric stimulation, including the participation of reactive oxygen species and heat shock proteins, modulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration, ATP production and numerous other events involving the clustering or reassembling of cell surface receptors, cytoskeletal remodeling and so on. The specific advantages of using external electric stimulation in different modalities to regulate stem cell fate processes are highlighted with explicit examples, in vitro and in vivo.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961217306300

Beneficial Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation in Cancer

There is data supporting the opinion that the use of EMFs has effects in the cell proliferation and in malignant tumours in animals (Tofani et al., 2001; Yamaguchi et al., 2006). It has also been reported that EMFs could act synergistically with chemotherapeutic agents (Gray et al, 2000; Ruiz Gómez et al., 2002), and reverse the resistance of cancer cells in chemotherapy (Hirata et al., 2001; Janigro et al., 2006). Certain clinical studies have shown that the application of EMFs in cancer patients, does not present side effects or toxicity (Barbault et al., 2009; Roncheto et al., 2004). Existed data, also indicate that they prolong the survival time of patients and inhibit the disease progression (Barbault et al., 2009; Kirson et al., 2007). Consequently, EMFs can be used as a low-cost, safe and adjuvant treatment of the existing anticancer therapy.
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37400.pdf

Targeted treatment of cancer with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields amplitude-modulated at tumor-specific frequencies

In the past century, there have been many attempts to treat cancer with low levels of electric and magnetic fields. We have developed noninvasive biofeedback examination devices and techniques and discovered that patients with the same tumor type exhibit biofeedback responses to the same, precise frequencies. Intrabuccal administration of 27.12 MHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF), which are amplitude-modulated at tumor-specific frequencies, results in long-term objective responses in patients with cancer and is not associated with any significant adverse effects. Intrabuccal administration allows for therapeutic delivery of very low and safe levels of EMF throughout the body as exemplified by responses observed in the femur, liver, adrenal glands, and lungs. In vitro studies have demonstrated that tumor-specific frequencies identified in patients with various forms of cancer are capable of blocking the growth of tumor cells in a tissue- and tumor-specific fashion. Current experimental evidence suggests that tumor-specific modulation frequencies regulate the expression of genes involved in migration and invasion and disrupt the mitotic spindle. This novel targeted treatment approach is emerging as an appealing therapeutic option for patients with advanced cancer given its excellent tolerability. Dissection of the molecular mechanisms accounting for the anti-cancer effects of tumor-specific modulation frequencies is likely to lead to the discovery of novel pathways in cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845545/

Membrane permeabilization of mammalian cells using bursts of high magnetic field pulses

Cell membrane permeabilization by pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) is a novel contactless method which results in effects similar to conventional electroporation. The non-invasiveness of the methodology, independence from the biological object homogeneity and electrical conductance introduce high flexibility and potential applicability of the PEMF in biomedicine, food processing, and biotechnology. The inferior effectiveness of the PEMF permeabilization compared to standard electroporation and the lack of clear description of the induced transmembrane transport are currently of major concern.

Methods

The PEMF permeabilization experiments have been performed using a 5.5 T, 1.2 J pulse generator with a multilayer inductor as an applicator. We investigated the feasibility to increase membrane permeability of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using short microsecond (15 µs) pulse bursts (100 or 200 pulses) at low frequency (1 Hz) and high dB/dt (>106 T/s). The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry using two different fluorescent dyes: propidium iodide (PI) and YO-PRO®-1 (YP). The results were compared to conventional electroporation (single pulse, 1.2 kV/cm, 100 µs), i.e., positive control.

Results

The proposed PEMF protocols (both for 100 and 200 pulses) resulted in increased number of permeable cells (70 ± 11% for PI and 67 ± 9% for YP). Both cell permeabilization assays also showed a significant (8 ± 2% for PI and 35 ± 14% for YP) increase in fluorescence intensity indicating membrane permeabilization. The survival was not affected.

Discussion

The obtained results demonstrate the potential of PEMF as a contactless treatment for achieving reversible permeabilization of biological cells. Similar to electroporation, the PEMF permeabilization efficacy is influenced by pulse parameters in a dose-dependent manner.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408723/

Computer models for ions under electric and magnetic fields: random walks and relocation of calcium in dendrites depends on timing and population type

In this computational study we analyze segregated population of ions in biological tissues and how electric or magnetic fields can relocate them. The appropriate definition of a segregated population of ions is justified for its physiological relevance, algorithmic simplicity and biophysical realism. Although this study can be valid for several ions and cell compartments, we focus on calcium ions in parallel dendrites of neurons. Computer simulations are presented as calcium flux visualizations showing the final position of each ion in different conditions in neurons: in the absence of an electric field and in the presence of it at different timings in relation to the initial release event of calcium into the dendrites. The simulation suggests that it is possible to relocate (probabilistically) aggregations of calcium ions in the spaces of the dendrites, allowing neuromodulation of synaptic connections. In conclusion, the maximal response to endogenous electric fields and the efficient way to design “friendly” devices for electrical field stimulation of neurons for relocating calcium ions close to their targets (e.g. vesicle sensors, proteins in membranes, or cytosol) depends on the geometry of dendrites, the duration and timing of the field (respect to ongoing activity), and the selection of the appropriate subpopulation we want to relocate.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-4086-3_175

Experimental studies on extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field inhibiting sarcoma and enhancing cellular immune functions

The previous observation with an electron microscope showed that extremely low frequency (ELF) pulsed magnetic field (PMF) (with the maximum intensity of 0.6–2.0T, gradient of 10–100 T·M−1, pulse width of 20–200 ms and frequency of 0.16–1.34 Hz) inhibited the growth of S-180 sarcoma in mice and enhanced the ability of immune cell’s dissolving sarcoma cells. In this study, the DNA contents of nuclei were assayed by using Faulgen Staining method. With an electron microscope and cell stereoscopy technology it was observed that magnetic field affected the sarcoma cell ’s metabolism, lowered its malignancy, and restrained its rapid and heteromorphic growth. The magnetic field enhanced the cellular immune ability and the reaction of lymphocytes and plasma. Since ELF pulsed magnetic fields can inhibit the growth of sarcomas and enhance the cellular immune ability, it is possible to use it as a new method to treat cancer.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02881733

Magnetic field exposure enhances DNA repair through the induction of DnaK/J synthesis

In contrast to the common impression that exposure to a magnetic field of low frequency causes mutations to organisms, we have demonstrated that a magnetic field can actually enhance the efficiency of DNA repair. Using Escherichia coli strain XL-1 Blue as the host and plasmid pUC8 that had been mutagenized by hydroxylamine as the vector for assessment, we found that bacterial transformants that had been exposed to a magnetic field of 50 Hz gave lower percentages of white colonies as compared to transformants that had not been exposed to the magnetic field. This result was indicative that the efficiency of DNA repair had been improved. The improvement was found to be mediated by the induced overproduction of heat shock proteins DnaK/J 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579300018226

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Exposure Reduces Hypoxia and Inflammation Damage in Neuron-Like and Microglial Cells

I believe pertinent to neuroblastoma:

"In the present study, the effect of low-frequency, low-energy pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) has been investigated by using different cell lines derived from neuron-like cells and microglial cells. In particular, the primary aim was to evaluate the effect of PEMF exposure in inflammation- and hypoxia-induced injury in two different neuronal cell models, the human neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cells and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and in N9 microglial cells. In neuron-like cells, live/dead and apoptosis assays were performed in hypoxia conditions from 2 to 48 h. Interestingly, PEMF exposure counteracted hypoxia damage significantly reducing cell death and apoptosis. In the same cell lines, PEMFs inhibited the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), the master transcriptional regulator of cellular response to hypoxia. The effect of PEMF exposure on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in both neuron-like and microglial cells was investigated considering their key role in ischemic injury. PEMFs significantly decreased hypoxia-induced ROS generation in PC12, SH-SY5Y, and N9 cells after 24 or 48 h of incubation. Moreover, PEMFs were able to reduce some of the most well-known pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 release in N9 microglial cells stimulated with different concentrations of LPS for 24 or 48 h of incubation time. These results show a protective effect of PEMFs on hypoxia damage in neuron-like cells and an anti-inflammatory effect in microglial cells suggesting that PEMFs could represent a potential therapeutic approach in cerebral ischemic conditions."
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcp.25606/full

“A Working Manual of High Frequency Currents” by Dr. Noble Eberhart, MD, the head of the Dept. of Physiologic Therapeutics at Loyola University, Chicago

Sure, this book is from 1911, but the knowledge contained within is amazing!  These devices were in medical use before the FDA was created

“A Working Manual of High Frequency Currents” by Dr. Noble Eberhart, MD, the head of the Dept. of Physiologic Therapeutics at Loyola University, Chicago

Contains a section describing how to use electricity to treat cancer, and many other diseases.

311 pages with photos, 15MB Download:
http://www.twotowers.com/documents/a_working_manual_of_high_frequency_currents.pdf

A non-invasive way to treat brain tumours

After treating 300 cancer patients from across the world over the past decade, Bengaluru-based SBF Healthcare & Research Centre (SHRC) has formally announced a treatment based on a new technology called SPMF (Sequentially Programmed Magnetic Field) therapy.

SHRC has received the US Patent and CE as well as ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 13485 certification for this technology.

Pioneered by Wg Cdr (Retd) Dr Vasishta, SHRC was founded in 2006 and claims to be the first in the world to use SPMF therapy in the treatment of cancer.

Based on MRI technology, the therapy is delivered by the AKTIS SOMA device invented by Dr Vasishta, which resembles an MRI machine but, unlike one, allows for a lot more breathing space for the patient without making him or her claustrophobic.

SPMF produces highly complex sequentially programmed magnetic fields, which are computer controlled and can be precisely focused on the cancerous tissues with the help of laser guides.

“The only available mode of treatment today anywhere in the world is surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy. We have treated GBM (glioblastoma multiforme), a very common form of brain tumour with very little or no chance of survival, very successfully and patients have gone back to their normal routine,” Dr Vasishta told BusinessLine. The patients are evaluated using MRI and the Karnofsky performance score, which are considered gold standards for evaluating the efficacy of a therapy.

No side-effects

SPMF therapy is performed for one hour every day for 28 consecutive days as an outpatient treatment and costs ₹1.5 lakh. The treatment is non-invasive, has no side-effects and asks for no dietary restrictions.

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/a-noninvasive-way-to-treat-brain-tumours/article9795713.ece

Endogenous Bioelectric Signaling Networks: Exploiting Voltage Gradients for Control of Growth and Form

Living systems exhibit remarkable abilities to self-assemble, regenerate, and remodel complex shapes. How cellular networks construct and repair specific anatomical outcomes is an open question at the heart of the next-generation science of bioengineering. Developmental bioelectricity is an exciting emerging discipline that exploits endogenous bioelectric signaling among many cell types to regulate pattern formation. We provide a brief overview of this field, review recent data in which bioelectricity is used to control patterning in a range of model systems, and describe the molecular tools being used to probe the role of bioelectrics in the dynamic control of complex anatomy. We suggest that quantitative strategies recently developed to infer semantic content and information processing from ionic activity in the brain might provide important clues to cracking the bioelectric code. Gaining control of the mechanisms by which large-scale shape is regulated in vivo will drive transformative advances in bioengineering, regenerative medicine, and synthetic morphology, and could be used to therapeutically address birth defects, traumatic injury, and cancer.
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040647

BETSE (BioElectric Tissue Simulation Engine) is an open-source cross-platform finite volume simulator for 2D computational multiphysics problems in the life sciences

BETSE (BioElectric Tissue Simulation Engine) is an open-source cross-platform finite volume simulator for 2D computational multiphysics problems in the life sciences – including electrodiffusion, electro-osmosis, galvanotaxis, voltage-gated ion channels, gene regulatory networks, and biochemical reaction networks (e.g., metabolism). BETSE is associated with the Paul Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University and supported by a Paul Allen Discovery Center award from the Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group.
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/betse/0.6.1

Everything you ever wanted to know about Bioelectricity

Wow, great resource with alot of scientific references:
Modern Bioelectricity
http://cassandrapublishing.net/MB/ModernBioelectricity.pdf

For anyone doing research: Fractional Calculus Based FDTD Modeling of Layered Biological Media Exposure to Wideband Electromagnetic Pulses

Fractional Calculus Based FDTD Modeling of Layered Biological Media Exposure to Wideband Electromagnetic Pulses

Contains math to determine the penetration of electromagnetic fields in elements of the body:
PDF Here: file:///E:/Downloads/electronics-06-00106%20(1).pdf

Molecular mechanisms underlying antiproliferative and differentiating responses of hepatocarcinoma cells to subthermal electric stimulation.

Abstract

Capacitive Resistive Electric Transfer (CRET) therapy applies currents of 0.4-0.6 MHz to treatment of inflammatory and musculoskeletal injuries. Previous studies have shown that intermittent exposure to CRET currents at subthermal doses exert cytotoxic or antiproliferative effects in human neuroblastoma or hepatocarcinoma cells, respectively. It has been proposed that such effects would be mediated by cell cycle arrest and by changes in the expression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. The present work focuses on the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in CRET-induced cytostasis and investigates the possibility that the cellular response to the treatment extends to other phenomena, including induction of apoptosis and/or of changes in the differentiation stage of hepatocarcinoma cells. The obtained results show that the reported antiproliferative action of intermittent stimulation (5 m On/4 h Off) with 0.57 MHz, sine wave signal at a current density of 50 µA/mm(2), could be mediated by significant increase of the apoptotic rate as well as significant changes in the expression of proteins p53 and Bcl-2. The results also revealed a significantly decreased expression of alpha-fetoprotein in the treated samples, which, together with an increased concentration of albumin released into the medium by the stimulated cells, can be interpreted as evidence of a transient cytodifferentiating response elicited by the current. The fact that this type of electrical stimulation is capable of promoting both, differentiation and cell cycle arrest in human cancer cells, is of potential interest for a possible extension of the applications of CRET therapy towards the field of oncology.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24416255

Unraveling the mechanistic effects of electric field stimulation towards directing stem cell fate and function: A tissue engineering perspective

Abstract

Electric field (EF) stimulation can play a vital role in eliciting appropriate stem cell response. Such an approach is recently being established to guide stem cell differentiation through osteogenesis/neurogenesis/cardiomyogenesis. Despite significant recent efforts, the biophysical mechanisms by which stem cells sense, interpret and transform electrical cues into biochemical and biological signals still remain unclear. The present review critically analyses the variety of EF stimulation approaches that can be employed to evoke appropriate stem cell response and also makes an attempt to summarize the underlying concepts of this notion, placing special emphasis on stem cell based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review also discusses the major signaling pathways and cellular responses that are elicited by electric stimulation, including the participation of reactive oxygen species and heat shock proteins, modulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration, ATP production and numerous other events involving the clustering or reassembling of cell surface receptors, cytoskeletal remodeling and so on. The specific advantages of using external electric stimulation in different modalities to regulate stem cell fate processes are highlighted with explicit examples, in vitro and in vivo.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961217306300

The use of electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic field for directed cell migration and adhesion in regenerative medicine

Directed cell migration and adhesion is essential to embryonic development, tissue formation and wound healing. For decades it has been reported that electric field (EF), magnetic field (MF) and electromagnetic field (EMF) can play important roles in determining cell differentiation, migration, adhesion, and even wound healing. Combinations of these techniques have revealed new and exciting explanations for how cells move and adhere to surfaces; how the migration of multiple cells are coordinated and regulated; how cells interact with neighboring cells, and also to changes in their microenvironment. In some cells, speed and direction are voltage dependent. Data suggests that the use of EF, MF and EMF could advance techniques in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and wound healing.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/btpr.2371/full

Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Induce Autophagy-associated Cell Death in Lung Cancer through miR-486-mediated Inhibition of Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Low frequency magnetic fields (LF-MFs) can affect cell proliferation in a cell-type and intensity-dependent way. Previous study has reported the anti-tumor effect of LF-MFs in lung cancers. Our previous study also optimized the intensity and duration of LF-MFs to effectively inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells. However, the anti-tumor mechanism of LF-MFs remains unclear, which limit the clinical application of LF-MFs in anti-tumor therapy. Here, in a well-established Lewis Lung Cancer (LLC) mouse model, we found that LF-MFs inhibit tumor growth and induce an autophagic cell death in lung cancer. We also found that LF-MFs could up-regulate the expression level of miR-486, which was involved in LF-MFs activated cell autophagy. Furthermore, we found B-cell adaptor for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (BCAP) is a direct target of miR-486. miR-486 inhibit AKT/mTOR signaling through inhibiting expression of BCAP. Moreover, a decreased expression of miR-486 and an increased expression of BCAP were found in tumor tissues of lung cancer patients. Taken together, this study proved that LF-MFs can inhibit lung cancers through miR-486 induced autophagic cell death, which suggest a clinical application of LF-MFs in cancer treatment.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10407-w

Magnetic Fields and Reactive Oxygen Species

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) ubiquitously exist in mammalian cells to participate in various cellular signaling pathways. The intracellular ROS levels are dependent on the dynamic balance between ROS generation and elimination. In this review, we summarize reported studies about the influences of magnetic fields (MFs) on ROS levels. Although in most cases, MFs increased ROS levels in human, mouse, rat cells, and tissues, there are also studies showing that ROS levels were decreased or not affected by MFs. Multiple factors could cause these discrepancies, including but not limited to MF type/intensity/frequency, exposure time and assay time-point, as well as different biological samples examined. It will be necessary to investigate the influences of different MFs on ROS in various biological samples systematically and mechanistically, which will be helpful for people to get a more complete understanding about MF-induced biological effects. In addition, reviewing the roles of MFs in ROS modulation may open up new scenarios of MF application, which could be further and more widely adopted into clinical applications, particularly in diseases that ROS have documented pathophysiological roles
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2175

Enhancing cold atmospheric plasma treatment of cancer cells by static magnetic field

Abstract

It has been reported since late 1970 that magnetic field interacts strongly with biological systems. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has also been widely studied over the past few decades in physics, biology, and medicine. In this study, we propose a novel idea to combine static magnetic field (SMF) with CAP as a tool for cancer therapy. Breast cancer cells and wild type fibroblasts were cultured in 96-well plates and treated by CAP with or without SMF. Breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 showed a significant decrease in viability after direct plasma treatment with SMF (compared to only plasma treatment). In addition, cancer cells treated by the CAP-SMF-activated medium (indirect treatment) also showed viability decrease but was slightly weaker than the direct plasma-SMF treatment. By integrating the use of SMF and CAP, we were able to discover their advantages that have yet to be utilized. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:53–62, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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INTRODUCTION

In the past few decades, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been widely used in various fields such as material processing [Zelzer et al., 2012], bacterial inactivation [Deng et al., 2007], wound healing, cut coagulation [Isbary et al., 2012], cancer therapy [Shashurin et al., 2008; Keidar et al., 2011; Barekzi and Laroussi, 2012; Walk et al., 2013], and viral destruction [Shi et al., 2012]. The temperature of heavy species in CAP is usually close to room temperature, allowing its application to living tissue treatment [Keidar, 2015].
It has been reported since the late 1970s that a magnetic field (MF) appears to have a strong effect on biological systems [Bawin and Sabbot, 1978; Liboff, 1985; Halle, 1988; Liboff and McLeod, 1988]. Research on the electromagnetic field effect on biological systems advanced after Wertheimer and Leeper [1979] found that the likelihood of developing leukemia in children increased as they were present in 60 Hz frequency electromagnetic field. As the research progressed, it appeared as though vibrational energy levels in the ion–protein complex were pumping into the system, which was creating parametric resonance. This occurs when the atoms shake slightly [Lednev, 1991]. This “shaking” is an anomaly that can change ion flux through the cell membrane [Liboff et al., 1987] or cell mobility [McLeod et al., 1987; Smith et al., 1987]. Santoro et al. [1997] showed that extremely low frequency (ELF) MFs influence physiological processes in different organisms, such as plasma membrane structure modification and initiation of signal cascade pathways interference. Cell membrane morphology modification by ELF was again reaffirmed by Ikehara et al. [2003], who found that exposure to the ELF MF has reversible effects on NH inplane bending and CN stretching vibrations of peptide linkages, and changes the secondary structures of α-helix and β-sheet in cell membrane proteins.
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