I asked ChatGPT how Electromagnetic fields treat cancer here's the response

 The use of electromagnetic waves, particularly in the form of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), as a treatment for cancer has been a topic of research for over a century. TTFields are a type of therapy that uses low-intensity, alternating electric fields to disrupt the division of cancer cells. Novocure's device, Optune, is an FDA-approved TTFields therapy for certain types of cancer, including glioblastoma and mesothelioma. The underlying science and theory behind why TTFields work are based on several key principles:

Mechanism of Action

Disruption of Mitosis:

Cancer cells are known for their rapid and uncontrolled division. During cell division (mitosis), cells undergo a series of steps to replicate their DNA and divide into two new cells.

TTFields target cells during mitosis, specifically during the metaphase and anaphase stages when the chromosomes are being separated.

The alternating electric fields interfere with the proper alignment and separation of the chromosomes, leading to mitotic disruption. This can result in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis (programmed cell death), or the formation of abnormal cells that cannot survive.

Electrophysical Properties of Cells:

Cancer cells have distinct electrophysical properties compared to normal cells. They are more susceptible to the effects of electric fields due to their high mitotic activity and specific electrical characteristics.

TTFields are designed to exploit these differences, selectively targeting cancer cells while sparing most normal cells.

Microtubule Disruption:

Microtubules are essential components of the cell's cytoskeleton and play a critical role in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

TTFields can interfere with the polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules, further hampering the mitotic process and leading to cell death.

Clinical Evidence

Glioblastoma:

Optune has been shown to improve survival rates and progression-free survival in patients with glioblastoma, an aggressive type of brain cancer.

Clinical trials have demonstrated that when used in combination with standard treatments like chemotherapy, TTFields significantly extend the overall survival of patients.

Mesothelioma:

The FDA also approved Optune for use in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, based on clinical evidence showing improved survival rates when used alongside standard treatments.

Safety and Side Effects

TTFields therapy is generally well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile. The most common side effects are skin irritation and mild discomfort at the site where the electrodes are placed on the scalp.

Because TTFields are non-invasive and targeted, they do not carry the systemic side effects typically associated with conventional cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Ongoing Research

Research continues to explore the efficacy of TTFields in other types of cancer and to optimize the delivery and effectiveness of the therapy.

Studies are also investigating the combination of TTFields with other emerging cancer treatments, such as immunotherapy and targeted therapies.

In summary, TTFields therapy works by exploiting the unique electrical properties and mitotic behavior of cancer cells to disrupt their division and induce cell death. Novocure's Optune device represents a significant advancement in the non-invasive treatment of certain aggressive cancers, offering patients a new therapeutic option that complements existing treatments.

Radiofrequency radiation reshapes tumor immune microenvironment into antitumor phenotype in pulmonary metastatic melanoma

 We conclude that noninvasive RFR exposure induces antitumor remodeling of the TIME, leading to inhibition of tumor progression, which provides a promising novel strategy for TIME priming and potential combination with cancer immunotherapy.

Link to publication

Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) Trigger Cell Death and Senescence in Cancer Cells

 Abstract

The currently available anti-cancer therapies, such as gamma-radiation and chemotherapeutic agents, induce cell death and cellular senescence not only in cancer cells but also in the adjacent normal tissue. New anti-tumor approaches focus on limiting the side effects on normal cells. In this frame, the potential anti-tumor properties of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) through the irradiation of breast cancer epithelial cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and normal fibroblasts (FF95) were investigated. PEMFs had a frequency of 8 Hz, full-square wave type and magnetic flux density of 0.011 T and were applied twice daily for 5 days. The data collected showcase that PEMF application decreases the proliferation rate and viability of breast cancer cells while having the opposite effect on normal fibroblasts. Moreover, PEMF irradiation induces cell death and cellular senescence only in breast cancer cells without any effect in the non-cancerous cells. These findings suggest PEMF irradiation as a novel, non-invasive anti-cancer strategy that, when combined with senolytic drugs, may eliminate both cancer and the remaining senescent cells, while simultaneously avoiding the side effects of the current treatments.

Link to publication

Density Based Characterization of Mechanical Cues on Cancer Cells Using Magnetic Levitation

 How interesting:

A magnetic levitation device is developed (i.e., MagDense platform) where cells are levitated in a magnetic gradient allowing them to equilibrate to a levitation height that corresponds to their unique cellular density. In application of this system, MDA-MB-231 breast and A549 lung cancer cells are cultured and overall differences in cell density are observed in response to increasing collagen fiber density. 

Link to paper

Red light therapy improves glucose metabolism

 You may wonder why I post an article about light therapy, it's because light is another form of electromagnetism:

The red light can penetrate through the skin and positively impact the mitochondria within the body’s cells, helping to create more energy and allowing the cells to function better and repair themselves.

Co-lead study author Dr. Michael Powner, senior lecturer in neurobiology in the School of Health & Psychological Sciences at City University London said they decided to look at red light therapy as a way to help control blood sugar levels after reading a study from 2019Trusted Source highlighting that sunlight exposure could correlate with improved glucose metabolism.

“We explored this in bumblebees nd found that red light reduced systemic glucose after feeding,” Dr. Powner told Medical News Today. “This latest study clearly shows a translation of this to humans.”

“Red light is absorbed by mitochondria and helps them produce more energy,” he explained.

“It lubricates the energy-making machine. But in producing more energy this way they need more raw material and this is largely glucose. They take this out of the blood.”

Link to article

Related, see also

Infoceuticals and imprinting may exert positive biological effects on cellular physiology.

 Abstract:

Living organisms, from the simplest organization to the more complex, all share the requirement

of energy in order to perform basic functions that sustain life and ensure its continuity. Cellular

physiology requires complex mechanisms to maintain homeostasis that are activated when

normal parameters change. Ancient medical practices like acupuncture suggest that many of the

human health impairments occur because of an energetic imbalance. In this regard, NES Health

has developed the concept of "Infoceuticals" -- remedies designed to restore the body's energetic

balance, or the means by which it is powered and communicates wirelessly. These remedies may

be administered through a special preparation of mineralized water ("imprinted" with photons

and magnetic fields), or imprinted directly into the body via electronic equipment. In this report,

we used a multicellular platform to determine the effect on cellular physiology of diverse

Infoceuticals both in liquid form and through direct imprinting. We observed unique and cellspecific effects in terms of cellular membrane structure, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress,

and viral infection protection. These findings aim to provide basic science insights to the process

of understanding the underlying phenomena that take place after Infoceutical treatments.

Link to paper

Stanford School of Medicine Tumor Treating Fields

 ROOT, Switzerland–(BUSINESS WIRE)– Novocure (NASDAQ: NVCR) today announced it has entered into an agreement with Stanford University to establish the Stanford School of Medicine Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Research Program. The program is intended to support both preclinical studies and clinical trials with TTFields, electric fields that exert physical forces to kill cancer cells via a variety of mechanisms.

Link to Press Release

Ozone Sauna Therapy combined with PEMF

 

Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that a combination of OST and PEMF using the HOCATT machine could potentially represent potential therapeutic adjuncts for women with inflammatory disorders such as endometriosis. 

Link to Abstract

A new high-throughput device that measures the electrical properties of cancer cells through continuous flow electrorotation

 From Tokyo:

The electrical properties of cancer cells can provide information on their cancer type, state, and drug resistance. However, conventional platforms to measure these properties are complex and can only analyze a few cells. Researchers have successfully developed a high-throughput device that measures the electrical properties of cancer cells through continuous flow electrorotation. The new platform offers a high degree of automation and can simultaneously analyze several cells.

Link to article

Tumor-destroying sound waves receive FDA approval for liver treatment in humans

 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of sound waves to break down tumors—a technique called histotripsy—in humans for liver treatment.

Pioneered at the University of Michigan, histotripsy offers a promising alternative to cancer treatments such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, which often have significant side effects. Today, FDA officials awarded clearance to HistoSonics, a company co-founded in 2009 by U-M engineers and doctors for the use of histotripsy to destroy targeted liver tissue.

A human trial underway since 2021 at the U-M Rogel Cancer Center and other locations has treated patients with primary and metastatic liver tumors via histotripsy, demonstrating the technology’s ability to meet the testing’s primary effectiveness and safety targets.

Link to article

Optimization of tumor-treating field therapy for triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro via frequency modulation

 Currently, tumor-treating field (TTField) therapy utilizes a single “optimal” frequency of electric fields to achieve maximal cell death in a targeted population of cells. However, because of differences in cell size, shape, and ploidy during mitosis, optimal electric field characteristics for universal maximal cell death may not exist. This study investigated the anti-mitotic effects of modulating electric field frequency as opposed to utilizing uniform electric fields.

Link to paper

New patented PEMF device

 This unit introduces a spectrum of frequencies all at once, a departure from traditional methods that apply one frequency at a time. 

$3+k

Link to company website

Magazine Article

Clinically used osteogenic PEMF signals moderately suppressed cancer cell growth and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo.

 Introduction: Although there have been significant advances in research and treatments over the past decades, cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, mostly due to resistance to standard therapies. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), a newly emerged therapeutic strategy, has been highly regarded as less invasive and almost safe to patients, is now a clinically accepted form to treat diseases including cancer. Breast and lung cancer are the most prevalent forms of human cancers, yet reported investigations on exploring regimes including PEMF are limited. Methods: Intended to examine the anti-tumor effects of a clinically accepted osteogenic PEMF and the possibility of including PEMF in breast and lung cancer treatments, we studied the effects of 2 PEMF signals (PMF1 and PMF2) on breast and lung cancer cell growth and proliferation, as well as the possible underline mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Results: We found that both signals caused modest but significant growth inhibition (∼5%) in MCF-7 and A549 cancer cells. Interestingly, mice xenograft tumors with A549 cells treated by PEMF were smaller in sizes than controls. However, for mice with MCF-7 tumor implants, treatment with PMF1 resulted in a slight increase (2.8%) in mean tumor size, while PMF2 treated tumors showed a 9% reduction in average size. Furthermore, PEMF increased caspase 3/7 expression levels and percentage of annexin stained cells, indicating the induction of apoptosis. It also increased G0 by 8.5%, caused changes in the expression of genes associated with cell growth suppression, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. When cancer cells or xenograft tumors treated with combined PEMF and chemotherapy drugs, PEMF showed growth inhibition effect independent of cisplatin in A549 cells, but with added effect by pemetrexed for the inhibition of MCF-7 growth. Conclusion: Together, our data suggested that clinically used osteogenic PEMF signals moderately suppressed cancer cell growth and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo.

 Article

Quantum biological electron tunnelling

 Researchers have discovered a new way to target and kill cancer cells in hard-to-treat brain tumours using electrically charged molecules to trigger self-destruction, that could be developed into a spray treatment used during surgery.

Link to article

NovaCure Tumor Treating Field Phase III LUNAR trial in non-small cell lung cancer, leading to significant and clinically meaningful improvements in OS when used in conjunction with standard of care.

Although their recent Phase III Ovarian cancer trail failed,  the Phase III LUNAR trial in non-small cell lung cancer, leading to significant and clinically meaningful improvements in OS when used in conjunction with standard of care.

Link to article 

Previously unknown intercellular electricity may power biology

 Researchers have discovered that the electrical fields and activity that exist through a cell's membrane also exist within and around another type of cellular structure called biological condensates. Like oil droplets floating in water, these structures exist because of differences in density. Their foundational discovery could change the way researchers think about biological chemistry. 

Link to article

Pulsed Electricity to control Blood Sugar

 

New treatment may eliminate need for insulin in people with Type 2 diabetes

Link to article

Electricity can heal even the worst kind of wounds three times faster, new study finds

 The researchers noticed that electricity enabled the former to heal three times faster than the latter. “We were able to show that the old hypothesis about electric stimulation can be used to make wounds heal significantly faster,” said Asplund.

According to the study authors, an electric field act as a guide to skin cells. In the absence of current, the cells move randomly, and therefore, the process of healing is slow. However, when cells are electrically stimulated, they all align in one direction and migrate fast toward the damaged site, eventually making a wound heal more quickly. 

Moreover, no side effects were noticed on the cultured wounded cells due to the electric stimulation.

Article

Light-induced acceleration of intracellular delivery

 Researchers have used 100 seconds of laser irradiation to generate convection currents that selectively accelerate biochemical reactions -- due to the photothermal effect -- by concentrating biofunctional molecules at the cell surface. Using this method, useful molecules can be transported into cells at concentrations a hundred to a thousand times lower than with conventional methods. Furthermore, they also succeeded in selectively introducing small molecules into intracellular organelles usually impossible at low concentrations (hundreds of pmol/L) as well as inducing cell death in targeted cells by concentrating anticancer active peptides into them at concentrations so low that they would not be conventionally effective (several tens of nmol/L).

Article: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230306101438.htm

Magnetism of a single atom’s nucleus

 IBM Research article I found, very interesting:

Research Article

The reason I researched this subject, was due to a crop circle I viewed on http://www.cropcircleconnector.com/:

Magnetic susceptibility in the biological effects of magnetic field

 This not only demonstrates the importance of magnetic susceptibility in the biological effects of magnetic field but also illustrates the potential application of high magnetic fields in biomedicine.

Link to article

The plasticity of the aging brain can be selectively and sustainably exploited using repetitive and highly focalized neuromodulation

 A new study suggests that mild, non-invasive electrical stimulation, applied through a cap with electrodes attached, could be enough to combat the effects of getting older and keep our memory circuits in a better and more robust shape.

Link to article

One possible reason why electromagetic fields affect cancer

 Link to article

Separating cells via electric fields

Scientists develop new method and device to isolate single cells using electric fields

 Link to article

Signal-Induced Inhibition of Telomerase Activity in HL60 Cancer Cells by Signal Transduction Using the Biophysically Activated Regulative Molecule 31 (RM31): A Pilot Study

 

Abstract

In this pilot study, we report the use of a novel, patented biophysical technology, which enables intranuclear access and cell nucleus stimulation, via the signal of the biophysically activated regulative molecule 31 (RM31). RM31 is the name of an isolated natural molecule found in the human body and is involved in many cellular mechanisms. We used a specific low electromagnetic field frequency to activate the RM31 molecule, which leads to specific signal transduction, to investigate the effect of telomerase activity in HL60 cancer cells. Our results revealed a dramatic inhibition in telomerase activity, a 99.5% decrease within 72 hours, with avoidance of subsequent reactivation, due to the simultaneous inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT).

Link to Article

End-Stage Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated With a New Noninvasive Non-Contact Oncomagnetic Device

 The Oncomagnetic device consists of 3 oncoscillators securely attached to an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene helmet and connected to a microprocessor-based electronic controller operated by a rechargeable battery (Figure 1). Further details regarding the device are given in the Supplementary Appendix. Based on a finite element model-based calculation of the spread of the field and the size and magnetization of the rotated diametrically magnetized neodymium magnets, we estimated that the combined effective field (at least 1 mT in strength) of the 3 oncoscillators covered the entire brain, including the upper part of the brain stem.

Link to Forntiers article

“CELEX” hypothesis of cancer metastasis

 Quote:

It was back in the mid-1990s that Djamgoz first developed what he would later call the cellular excitability or “CELEX” the “CELEX” hypothesis of cancer metastasis. He identified voltage-gated sodium ion channels in many types of epithelial cancer cells that did not belong, and which led to cancer cells producing action potentials as if they were neurons or cardiomyocytes.

“These are normally inert tissues in your gut or skin,” Djamgoz pointed out. “They become hyperactive, excitable, invasive, antisocial, and it is this electrical excitability that drives the cancer cells into an invasive mode.”

The electrical excitability of cancer cells escaped notice for years because traditional methods of measurement, patch clamp, or microelectrode recordings, lacked the sensitivity to capture the signals.

“Instead of poking the cells with micro-electrodes, we want to plate the cells in a petri-dish with these gold microelectrode arrays on the bottom,” Djamgoz continued. “They are now sitting on these electrodes and buzzing with action potentials!”

Not only do cancer cells become unexpected generators of bioelectricity, but they also communicate with the nervous system, seemingly feeding off of it. In a paper published June 2020 in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta — Reviews on Cancer,  Djamgoz showed that sympathetic nervous system stimulation seems to drive the early stages of cancer proliferation, while parasympathetic input drives invasiveness and metastasis.

Link to article

Magnetic therapy enhances chemo treatment of breast cancer

 The non-invasive and painless treatment has the potential to lower adverse side effects of chemotherapy, which are sometimes so severe that patients need to terminate treatment early or doctors have to reduce the chemo dosage, and this could worsen their disease. 

“Our magnetic technology stimulates cellular oxygen respiration to produce energy,” said team leader Associate Professor Alfredo Franco-Obregón. “In certain cancers with elevated respiratory rates — such as breast tumours — the magnetic pulses cause the cancer cells to ‘hyperventilate’ and die. Fortunately, the healthy tissues near the cancer are able to tolerate the increased respiratory rate, without ill consequences. Therefore, the OncoFTX System is more selective for cancer than conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Importantly, this therapy is localised, non-invasive and painless.

Each session of magnetic therapy involves exposing a breast tumour to a pulsed magnetic field at a strength of 3 millitesla, for one hour. This field amplitude is about 50 times greater than the amplitude of the Earth’s magnetic field, but 1000 times smaller than conventional magnetic resonance imaging. Safety and efficacy trials will determine the best treatment frequency for breast cancer patients.

Link to Article

Tumors partially destroyed with sound don't come back

 Noninvasive sound technology breaks down liver tumors in rats, kills cancer cells and spurs the immune system to prevent further spread -- an advance that could lead to improved cancer outcomes in humans.

Link to article

Radio-wave therapy is safe for liver cancer patients and shows improvement in overall survival, study suggests

 Researchers at Wake Forest School of Medicine have shown that a targeted therapy using non-thermal radio waves is safe to use in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer. The therapy also showed a benefit in overall survival.

Article Source

Quantum Leap Challenge Institute for Quantum Sensing for Biophysics and Bioengineering

 "Squires’ research lab is developing tools to manipulate and control quantum sensors in a biological system, including a technique that uses electric potentials as “walls” to keep the quantum sensor floating in one place without touching it. Squires expects this “arsenal” of nanoscale biophysical tools to provide new kinds of information."

Article Link:

MRI and Ultrasound Can Sneak Cancer Drugs into the Brain

 MRI and Ultrasound Can Sneak Cancer Drugs into the Brain 

Link to Article

Researchers shrunk a deadly glioblastoma tumor by more than a third using a helmet generating a noninvasive oscillating magnetic field that the patient wore on his head while administering the therapy in his own home.

 Researchers shrunk a deadly glioblastoma tumor by more than a third using a helmet generating a noninvasive oscillating magnetic field that the patient wore on his head while administering the therapy in his own home. The 53-year-old patient died from an unrelated injury about a month into the treatment, but during that short time, 31% of the tumor mass disappeared. The autopsy of his brain confirmed the rapid response to the treatment.

Article

The Influence of the Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma

 As part of the work, it was shown that low-frequency EMF shows an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of primary cancer cells, diminishing their migratory, invasive, and metastatic abilities. It also increases the apoptosis of cancer cells and the amount of reactive oxygen species. Based on the results of our research, we want to point up that the effect of ELF-EMF depends on a specific metabolic state or at a specific stage in the cell cycle of the cells under study.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7866299/

CLEAR study paves the way for novel electron-based cancer therapy

 Long overdue, CERN:

https://phys.org/news/2021-06-paves-electron-based-cancer-therapy.html

What Is BEMER Therapy, and What’s It Used For?

 https://www.healthline.com/health/bemer-therapy

Novel magnetic field effect in diamagnetic molecules

 Experimenting with a magnetic field almost 1M times stronger than that of the Earth, researchers in the Scholes Group were able to modify the optoelectronic properties of model nonmagnetic organic chromophores. The modifications, according to the paper, arise from the induction of ring currents in the aromatic molecules.

"Here, we've taken something that is commonplace in one type of spectroscopy and have shown how it morphs in a completely unexpected way while using our spectroscopic methods."

For the experiment, researchers chose a model aromatic chromophore called a phthalocyanine, which has a molecular structure similar to chlorophyll -- nature's light absorber -- but with stronger absorption of visible light and higher stability. The calculations on this model phthalocyanine compound and its aggregates showed clear, magnetic field-dependent changes to phthalocyanine's ability to absorb light. These results mark the first to demonstrate magnetic field dependent changes to the absorption spectrum of diamagnetic molecules. But it wasn't until researchers applied the classical analogue of the solenoid that the experiment sharpened into clarity.

A solenoid is an electromagnetic device that effectively converts electrical and magnetic energy using conductive loops of wire arranged like a spring. With their thinking grounded in the behavior of solenoids, Kudisch said, they were able to rationalize that the increased magnetic field sensitivity they were observing in the phthalocyanine aggregates could depend on the relative arrangement of the phthalocyanine rings in the aggregate.

"Not only did this add extra validation to our computational support, but it also lent credence to this idea of coupled aromatic ring currents -- the ring currents of neighboring phthalocyanine chromophores in the aggregate have a geometry dependent on amplification of magnetic field sensitivity," said Kudisch. "Just like the solenoid."

Novel magnetic field effect in diamagnetic molecules -- ScienceDaily

Magnetic Bacteria for precise delivery of chemo

 Magnetic bacteria as micropumps -- ScienceDaily

"ETH Professor Schürle and her team investigated how to use a magnetic field to control these bacteria in the laboratory as a way to direct the flow of liquids in a controlled manner. In their experiments, they applied only relatively weak rotating magnetic fields to spin the bacteria along the desired directions. And with many bacteria in a swarm, it proved possible to move the fluid surrounding them. The bacteria produce an effect similar to that of a micropump, meaning they are able to move active substances present in the fluid in different directions, for example from the bloodstream into the tumour tissue. By using superimposed magnetic fields that locally reinforce or cancel each other out, this pumping activity can be confined to a small region with pinpoint accuracy, as Schürle's team has been able to show in simulations"

Physicists could do the 'impossible': Create and destroy magnetic fields from afar

Physicists could do the 'impossible': Create and destroy magnetic fields from afar | Live Science

Scientists have figured out a way to create and cancel magnetic fields from afar. 

The method involves running electric current through a special arrangement of wires to create a magnetic field that looks as if it came from another source. This illusion has real applications: Imagine a cancer drug that could be delivered directly to a tumor deep in the body by capsules made of magnetic nanoparticles. It's not possible to stick a magnet in the tumor to guide the nanoparticles on their journey, but if you could create a magnetic field from outside the body that centered right on that tumor, you could deliver the drug without an invasive procedure. 

The strength of a magnetic field decreases with distance from the magnet, and a theorem proven in 1842, Earnshaw's Theorem, says that it's not possible to create a spot of maximum magnetic field strength in empty space.

Another use might be improving transcranial magnetic stimulation, which uses magnets to stimulate neurons in the brain to treat depression. Being able to control magnetic fields at a distance could improve the targeting of transcranial magnetic stimulation, so that doctors could better focus on particular regions in the human brain.  

Electrochemotherapy

Electrochemotherapy is gaining recognition as an effective local therapy that uses systemically or intratumorally injected bleomycin or cisplatin with electroporation as a delivery system that brings drugs into the cells to exert their cytotoxic effects. Preclinical work is still ongoing, testing new drugs, seeking the best treatment combination with other treatment modalities, and exploring new sets of pulses for effective tissue electroporation. The applications of electrochemotherapy are being fully exploited in veterinary oncology, where electrochemotherapy, because of its simple execution, has a relatively good cost–benefit ratio and is used in the treatment of cutaneous tumors. In human oncology, electrochemotherapy is fully recognized as a local therapy for cutaneous tumors and metastases. Its effectiveness is being explored in combination with immunomodulatory drugs. However, the development of electrochemotherapy is directed into the treatment of deep-seated tumors with a percutaneous approach. Because of the vast number of reports, this review discusses the articles published in the past 5 years.

 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/bioe.2019.0028

How hospitals, plants and stores can deal with Covid-19

Ultraviolet LEDs prove effective in eliminating coronavirus from surfaces and, potentially, air and water

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200414173251.htm

The International Ultraviolet Association (IUVA) believes that UV disinfection technologies can play a role in a multiple barrier approach to reducing the transmission of the virus causing COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, based on current disinfection data and empirical evidence. UV is a known disinfectant for air, water and surfaces that can help to mitigate the risk of acquiring an infection in contact with the COVID-19 virus when applied correctly. "

http://www.iuva.org/COVID-19

Ultraviolet-LED Maker Demonstrates 30-Second Coronavirus Kill
https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/semiconductors/optoelectronics/ultravioletled-maker-demonstrates-30second-coronavirus-kill
Autonomous Robots Are Helping Kill Coronavirus in Hospitals

https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/medical-robots/autonomous-robots-are-helping-kill-coronavirus-in-hospitals

Shanghai introduces ultraviolet light to disinfect public buses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqytOuYfsnA

Inactivation of Viruses

 Towards this goal, several physical methods have recently been developed to facilitate sterilization; including the use of pulsed light, supercritical fluids, pulsed electric fields, and gas plasma. Although most of these methods have not been widely adopted, further increases in reliability, convenience, and suitability should contribute to the spread of their applicability. In this review, we describe viruses, conventional means of disinfection, trends in the development of new methods of sterilization and potential applications of these methods.

Link to paper

The End

I am at my Wits End.  I have no credentials, just proof, over the last hundred years plus.  Obviously, proof means nothing in this Age of Knowledge.  I hope to post soon, if, and only if, I find matter that substantiates my proof.. End.

Genocide or Science?

I communicated this to a cancer researcher recently:
"Perhaps I did not mention, but have thought, that, not pursuing the electromagnetic aspect to healing cancer, compared to the common treatment of drugs and radiation, to me, seems to be the same, as genocide.
End of Line."

 I do not want to post, this, but must.

Quantum Mechanics and Biology

The quest for clear understanding of cancer and hence the ultimate search for a logical way to prevent, diagnose and cure has been an elusive area of research amongst scientists.

The complexity of mutations during replication in the human cell has made the situation more puzzling to researchers who have made contributions in this area.

This matter, seen as the preserve of biologists, has attracted the interest of physicists who have argued that mutations may be guided by quantum mechanical phenomena such as proton tunnelling and decoherence.

This work examines previous works advanced by Physicists in this field and argues for a relationship between mutations and proton tunnelling.

Quantum mechanics has been briefly discussed in away understandable to Biologists while the cell and cancer biology is covered to the extent of understanding of Physicists.

Link to article

Ion-Based Cellular Signal Transmission, Principles of Minimum Information Loss, and Evolution by Natural Selection

The Extreme Physical Information EPI principle states that maximum information transmission or, equivalently, a minimum information loss is a fundamental property of nature. Prior work has demonstrated the universal EPI principle allows derivation of nearly all physical laws. Here, we investigate whether EPI can similarly give rise to the fundamental law of life: Evolution. Living systems require information to survive and proliferate. Heritable information in the genome encodes the structure and function of cellular macromolecules but this information remains fixed over time. In contrast, a cell must rapidly and continuously access, analyze, and respond to a wide range of continuously changing spatial and temporal information in the environment. We propose these two information dynamics are linked because the genes encode the structure of the macromolecules that form information conduits necessary for the dynamical interactions with the external environment. However, because the genome does not have the capacity to precisely locate the time and location of external signals, we propose the cell membrane is the site at which most external information is received and processed. In our model, an external signal is detected by gates on transmembrane ion channel and transmitted into the cytoplasm through ions that flow along pre-existing concentration gradients when the gate opens. The resulting cytoplasmic ion “puff” is localized in both time and space, thus producing spatial and temporal information. Small, localized signals in the cytoplasm are “processed” through alterations in the function and location of peripheral membrane proteins. Larger perturbations produce prolonged or spatially extensive changes in cytoplasmic ion concentrations that can be transmitted to other organelles via ion flows along elements of the cytoskeleton. An evolutionary constraint to the ever-increasing acquisition of environmental information is the cost of doing so. One solution to this trade-off is the evolution of information conduits that minimize signal loss during transmission. Since the structures of these conduits are encoded in the genome, evolution of macromolecular conduits that minimize signal loss is linked to and, in fact, governed by a universal principle, termed extreme physical information (EPI). Mathematical analysis of information dynamics based on the flow of ions through membrane channels and along wire-like cytoskeleton macromolecules fulfills the EPI principle. Thus, the empirically derived model of evolution by natural selection, although uniquely applicable to living systems, is theoretically grounded in a universal principle that can also be used to derive the laws of physics. Finally, if minimization of signal loss is a mechanism to overcome energy constraints, the model predicts increasing information and associated complexity are closely linked to increased efficiency of energy production or improved substrate acquisition.
Link to Article

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Triggers Immune Sensitization of Refractory Murine Neuroblastoma to Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.

Magnetic frequencies are not the only alternatives:

"Combining HIFU with αCTLA-4 and αPD-L1 significantly enhances anti-tumor response, improving survival from 0 to 62.5%.
HIFU alone causes upregulation of splenic and lymph node NK cells and circulating IL-2, IFN-Ɣ, and DAMPs, whereas immune regulators like CD4+Foxp3+, IL-10, and VEGF-A are significantly reduced.
HIFU combined with checkpoint inhibitors induced significant increases in intratumoral CD4+, CD8ɑ+, and CD8α+CD11c+ cells, CD11c+ in regional lymph nodes, and decrease in circulating IL-10 compared to untreated group.
We also report significant abscopal effect following unilateral treatment of mice with large, established bilateral tumors using HIFU and checkpoint inhibitors compared to tumors treated with HIFU or checkpoint inhibitors alone (61.1% survival, p<0.0001).
This combination treatment significantly also induces CD4+CD44+hiCD62L+low and, CD8α+CD44+hiCD62L+low population and are adoptively transferable imparting immunity, slowing subsequent de novo tumor engraftment."

Link to Article

Possible traces of resonance signaling in the genome

Although theories regarding the role of sequence-specific DNA resonance in biology have abounded for over 40 years, the published evidence for it is lacking. Here, the authors reasoned that for sustained resonance signaling, the number of oscillating DNA sequences per genome should be exceptionally high and that, therefore, genomic repeats of various sizes are good candidates for serving as resonators. Moreover, it was suggested that for the two DNA sequences to resonate, they do not necessarily have to be identical. Therefore, the existence of sequences differing in the primary sequence but having similar resonating sub-structures was proposed. It was hypothesized that such sequences, named HIDERs, would be enriched in the genomes of multicellular species. Specifically, it was hypothesized that delocalized electron clouds of purine-pyrimidine sequences could serve as the basis of HIDERs. The consequent genomic analysis confirmed the enrichment of purine-pyrimidine HIDERs in a few selected genomes of mammals, an insect, and a plant, compared to randomized sequence controls. Similarly, it was suggested that hypothetical delocalized proton clouds of the hydrogen bonds of multiple stacked bases could serve as sequence-dependent hydrogen-bond-based HIDERs. Similarly, the enrichment of such HIDERs was observed. It is suggested that these enrichments are the first evidence in support of sequence-specific resonance signaling in the genome.

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KCa and Ca2 + Channels: The complex thought

Potassium channels belong to the largest and the most diverse super-families of ion channels. Among them, Ca2 +-activated K+ channels (KCa) comprise many members. Based on their single channel conductance they are divided into three subfamilies: big conductance (BKCa), intermediate conductance (IKCa) and small conductance (SKCa; SK1, SK2 and SK3). Ca2 + channels are divided into two main families, voltage gated/voltage dependent Ca2 + channels and non-voltage gated/voltage independent Ca2 + channels. Based on their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties and on the tissue where there are expressed, voltage gated Ca2 + channels (Cav) are divided into 5 families: T-type, L-type, N-type, P/Q-type and R-type Ca2 +. Non-voltage gated Ca2 + channels comprise the TRP (TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, TRPP, TRPML and TRPN) and Orai (Orai1 to Orai 3) families and their partners STIM (STIM1 to STIM2). A depolarization is needed to activate voltage-gated Ca2 + channels while non-voltage gated Ca2 + channels are activated by Ca2 + depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum stores (SOCs) or by receptors (ROCs). These two Ca2 + channel families also control constitutive Ca2 + entries. For reducing the energy consumption and for the fine regulation of Ca2 +, KCa and Ca2 + channels appear associated as complexes in excitable and non-excitable cells. Interestingly, there is now evidence that KCa - Ca2 + channel complexes are also found in cancer cells and contribute to cancer-associated functions such as cell proliferation, cell migration and the capacity to develop metastases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium Signaling In Health and Disease.
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Voltage Gated Sodium Channels in Cancer and Their Potential Mechanisms of Action

Voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC) are implicated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanism by which VGSC increase cell invasiveness and probability of metastasis is still unknown. In this review we outline lesser known functions of VGSC outside of action potential propagation, and the current understanding of the effects of VGSC in cancer. Finally, we discuss possible downstream effects of VGSC activation in cancer cells. After extensive review of the literature, the most likely role of VGSC in cancer is in the invadopodia, the leading edge of metastatic cancer cells. Sodium gradients are used to drive many biological processes in the body, and invadopodia may be similar. The function of the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE) and sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) are driven by sodium gradients. Voltage gated calcium channels, activated by membrane depolarization, are also capable of becoming activated in response to VGSC activity. Changes to hydrogen ion exchange or calcium handling have functional consequences for invadopodia and would explain the relationship between VGSC expression and invasiveness of cancer cells.
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Emerging medical applications based on non-ionizing electromagnetic fields from 0 Hz to 10 THz

The potential for using non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF; at frequencies from 0 Hz up to the THz range) for medical purposes has been of interest since many decades. A number of established and familiar methods are in use all over the world. This review, however, provides an overview of applications that already play some clinical role or are in earlier stages of development. The covered methods include modalities used for bone healing, cancer treatment, neurological conditions, and diathermy. In addition, certain other potential clinical areas are touched upon. Most of the reviewed technologies deal with therapy, whereas just a few diagnostic approaches are mentioned. None of the discussed methods are having such a strong impact in their field of use that they would be expected to replace conventional methods. Partly this is due to a knowledge base that lacks mechanistic explanations for EMF effects at low-intensity levels, which often are used in the applications. Thus, the possible optimal use of EMF approaches is restricted. Other reasons for the limited impact include a scarcity of well-performed randomized clinical trials that convincingly show the efficacy of the methods and that standardized user protocols are mostly lacking. Presently, it seems that some EMF-based methods can have a niche role in treatment and diagnostics of certain conditions, mostly as a complement to or in combination with other, more established, methods. Further development and a stronger impact of these technologies need a better understanding of the interaction mechanisms between EMF and biological systems at lower intensity levels. The importance of the different physical parameters of the EMF exposure needs also further investigations.
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New Perspectives in the Treatment of Tumor Cells by Electromagnetic Radiation at Resonance Frequencies in Cellular Membrane Channels

Background

The use of electromagnetic fields has been considered as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of cancer given that some clinical trials have shown that the irradiation of cancer cells with electromagnetic fields can slow down the disease progression.

Aims

We hypothesize that this effect could be amplified by irradiating tumor cells with electromagnetic fields having frequencies close to the natural resonant frequencies of membrane channels in tumor cells, in order to obtain a significant change of the ion flux across tumor cell membrane channels, inducing the largest harmful alteration in their cellular function.

Methods

Neuronal-like cells were used as a cell model and exposed for 6 h to electromagnetic fields at different frequencies (0, 50 Hz, 900 MHz) at the same intensity of 2 mT.

The exposure system was represented by two Helmholtz coils driven by a power amplifier in current mode and an arbitrary function generator.

FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the results of the exposure.

Results

The results of this study showed that the Amide I vibration band increased in intensity with the increase of the frequency, leading us to assume that the displacement of the cell channels α-helices depends on the frequency of the applied electromagnetic fields.

Conclusion

This preliminary result leads us to plan future research aimed at searching for the natural frequencies of membrane channels in tumor cells using resonant electromagnetic fields in order to damage the cellular functions of tumor cells. Clinical trials are needed to confirm such a hypothesis derived from this physical study.

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Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Cancer Cell Proliferation

Changes of the electrical charges across the surface cell membrane are absolutely necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis in physiological as well as in pathological conditions. The opening of ion channels alter the charge distribution across the surface membrane as they allow the diffusion of ions such as K + , Ca ++ , Cl − , Na +. Traditionally, voltage-gated ion channels (VGIC) are known to play fundamental roles in controlling rapid bioelectrical signaling including action potential and/or contraction. However, several investigations have revealed that these classes of proteins can also contribute significantly to cell mitotic biochemical signaling, cell cycle progression, as well as cell volume regulation. All these functions are critically important for cancer cell proliferation. Interestingly, a variety of distinct VGICs are expressed in different cancer cell types, including metastasis but not in the tissues from which these tumors were generated. Given the increasing evidence suggesting that VGIC play a major role in cancer cell biology, in this review we discuss the role of distinct VGIC in cancer cell proliferation and possible therapeutic potential of VIGC pharmacological manipulation.

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Response of neuroblastoma cells to RF currents as a function of the signal frequency

Background:

Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (CRET) is a non-invasive therapeutic strategy that applies radiofrequency electric currents within the 400–600 kHz range to tissue repair and regeneration. Previous studies by our group have shown that 48 h of intermittent exposure to a 570 kHz CRET signal at a subthermal density of 50 μA/mm2 causes significant changes in the expression and activation of cell cycle control proteins, leading to cycle arrest in human cancer cell cultures. The present study investigates the relevance of the signal frequency in the response of the human neuroblastoma cell line NB69 to subthermal electric treatment with four different signal frequency currents within the 350–650 kHz range.

Conclusions:

The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the ability of slowing down cancer cell growth through electrically-induced changes in the expression of proteins involved in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis might afford new insights in the field of oncology.

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The variable electric field of the membrane /Questioning the HodgkinHuxley model

Hodgkin and Huxley built their theoretical model of initiation and propagation of action potential on the work of their predecessors but also that of their contemporaries.

Bernstein was the initiator of membrane theory but Hodgkin, Katz and especially Goldman sought to improve it.

The integration of the constant electric field should have allowed a better knowledge and computation of the membrane potential.

The study of the variations in the electric field that would exist through the membrane brings harsh contradictions in the hypotheses of the HH model.

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The combined treatment of 150 kHz tumor treating fields (TTFields) and cisplatin or pemetrexed inhibits mesothelioma cells in vitro and in vivo.

Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive thoracic cancer mostly linked to asbestos exposure. The standard of care (SOC) therapy for unresectable MPM is cisplatin plus pemetrexed. Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy is an effective anti-neoplastic treatment modality delivered via noninvasive application of low intensity, intermediate frequency, alternating electric fields. We explored the potential use of TTFields alone and in combination with SOC as a treatment for MPM. Methods: NCI-H2052 and MSTO-211H cells were treated at various TTFields frequencies for 72 hours using the inovitro system. The combined treatment of TTFields and cisplatin or pemetrexed was tested by applying TTFields at the optimal frequency together with various drug concentrations. Cell counts, clonogenic potential and induction of apoptosis were determined. TTFields (1.2 V/cm) were applied for 8 days to rats injected to the intrapleural cavity with IL-45 cells, and overall survival was tested. Results: TTFields optimal frequency was 150 kHz for both human cell lines. TTFields application (1.1 V/cm, 72 hours) at 150 kHz led to 45%-51% reduction in cell counts and 46-64%% additional reduction in clonogenic potential. The combined treatment of TTFields and cisplatin or pemetrexed led to a significant reduction in cell count, induction of apoptosis and reduced clonogenic potential as compared to each modality alone (p < 0.0001(. TTFields significantly prolonged the survival of rats compared to control group. Safety studies did not reveal any adverse events associated with 150 kHz TTFields application to the rat torso. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that TTFields can be an effective treatment against mesothelioma and the combination with cisplatin or pemetrexed may further enhance treatment efficacy. These results are in consistency with the recent phase 2 study (EF-23 trial) that showed improved overall survival for combined treatment as compared to historical control with no increase in systemic toxicity.
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Electromagnetic fields alter the motility of metastatic breast cancer cells

Interactions between cells and their environment influence key physiologic processes such as their propensity to migrate.

However, directed migration controlled by extrinsically applied electrical signals is poorly understood.

Using a novel microfluidic platform, we found that metastatic breast cancer cells sense and respond to the net direction of weak (∼100 µV cm−1), asymmetric, non-contact induced Electric Fields (iEFs).

iEFs inhibited EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) activation, prevented formation of actin-rich filopodia, and hindered the motility of EGF-treated breast cancer cells.

The directional effects of iEFs were nullified by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation.

Moreover, iEFs in combination with Akt inhibitor reduced EGF-promoted motility below the level of untreated controls.

These results represent a step towards isolating the coupling mechanism between cell motility and iEFs, provide valuable insights into how iEFs target multiple diverging cancer cell signaling mechanisms, and demonstrate that electrical signals are a fundamental regulator of cancer cell migration.

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Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (CRET) is a non-invasive therapeutic strategy

Background: Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (CRET) is a non-invasive therapeutic strategy that applies radiofrequency electric currents within the 400-600 kHz range to tissue repair and regeneration.

Previous studies by our group have shown that 48 h of intermittent exposure to a 570 kHz CRET signal at a subthermal density of 50 μA/mm2 causes significant changes in the expression and activation of cell cycle control proteins, leading to cycle arrest in human cancer cell cultures.

The present study investigates the relevance of the signal frequency in the response of the human neuroblastoma cell line NB69 to subthermal electric treatment with four different signal frequency currents within the 350-650 kHz range.

Methods: Trypan blue assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and immunoblot were used to study the effects of subthermal CRET currents on cell viability, cell cycle progression and the expression of several marker proteins involved in NB69 cell death and proliferation.

Results: The results reveal that among the frequencies tested, only a 448 kHz signal elicited both proapoptotic and antiproliferative, statistically significant responses.

The apoptotic effect would be due, at least in part, to significant changes induced by the 448 kHz signal in the expression of p53, Bax and caspase-3.

The cytostatic response was preceded by alterations in the kinetics of the cell cycle and in the expression of proteins p-ERK1/2, cyclin D1 and p27, which is consistent with a potential involvement of the EGF receptor in electrically induced changes in the ERK1/2 pathway.

This receives additional support from results indicating that the proapototic and antiproliferative responses to CRET can be transiently blocked when the electric stimulus is applied in the presence of PD98059, a chemical inhibitor of the ERK1/2 pathway.

Conclusion: The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the ability of slowing down cancer cell growth through electrically-induced changes in the expression of proteins involved in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis might afford new insights in the field of oncology.

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Crucial functions associated with phototropism and circadian clocks

"Cryptochromes are flavoproteins whose photochemistry is important for crucial functions associated with phototropism and circadian clocks. In this report, we, for the first time, observed a magnetic response of the cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) immobilized at a gold electrode with illumination of blue light. These results present the magnetic field-enhanced photoinduced electron transfer of CRY1 to the electrode by voltammetry, exhibiting magnetic responsive rate constant and electrical current changes. A mechanism of the electron transfer, which involves photoinduced radicals in the CRY, is sensitive to the weak magnetic field; and the long-lived free radical FAD•– is responsible for the detected electrochemical Faradaic current. As a photoreceptor, the finding of a 5.7% rate constant change in electron transfer corresponding to a 50 μT magnetic field may be meaningful in regulation of magnetic field signaling and circadian clock function under an electromagnetic field."

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324885021_Magnetoreception_of_Photoactivated_Cryptochrome_1_in_Electrochemistry_and_Electron_Transfer

Changes in chromatin accessibility and consequently in the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and in cell differentiation.

In this study, we investigated the effects of specific low frequency electromagnetic fields sequences on U937 cells, an in vitro model of human monocyte/macrophage differentiation. U937 cells were exposed to electromagnetic stimulation by means of the SyntheXer system using two similar sequences, XR-BC31 and XR-BC31/F. Each sequence was a time series of twenty-nine wave segments. Here, we report that exposure (4 days, once a day) of U937 cells to the XR-BC31 setting, but not to the XR-BC31/F, resulted in increased expression of the histone demethylase KDM6B along with a global reduction in histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) tri-methylation. Furthermore, exposure to the XR-BC31 sequence induced differentiation of U937 cells towards a macrophage-like phenotype displaying a KDM6B dependent increase in expression and secretion of the anti-inflammatory interleukins (ILs), IL-10 and IL-4. Importantly, all the observed changes were highly dependent on the sequence's nature. Our results open a new way of interpretation for the effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields observed in vivo. Indeed, it is conceivable that a specific low frequency electromagnetic fields treatment may cause changes in chromatin accessibility and consequently in the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and in cell differentiation.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328304138_Specific_low_frequency_electromagnetic_fields_induce_epigenetic_and_functional_changes_in_U937_cells

Morphological effects of electric fields on avian erythrocytes (nucleated red blood cells)

In this paper, morphological effects of electric fields on avian erythrocytes (nucleated red blood cells) have been studied in detail.

Morphological changes include rounding and cytoplasm transparency.

It has been shown that the effect is non‐thermal.

Careful imaging and image analyses have been carried out to show that the degree of this effect is frequency‐dependent, and has a higher conversion rate at higher temperatures.

Furthermore, to better understand the mechanisms behind the morphological changes, we investigated the dedifferentiation hypothesis and performed a series of tests on avian erythrocytes including fluorescence spectroscopy for hemoglobin, and tests on human umbilical cord blood, mesenchymal stem cells, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells including flow‐cytometry analysis for expression of certain markers and calcium staining.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.22195

Rotating magnetic fields within circular arrays of RNA within bacteria ...

Paper Title: Bacterial biophotons as non‐local information carriers: Species‐specific spectral characteristics of a stress response

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328659792_Bacterial_biophotons_as_non-local_information_carriers_Species-specific_spectral_characteristics_of_a_stress_response

Could electromagnetic fields treat metastatic triple-negative breast cancer?

New research published in Communications Biology suggests that electromagnetic fields are capable of stopping the metastasis of some breast cancer cells. In the study, researchers showed that they are able to target migrating breast cancer cells using a tool called a Helmholtz coil, which was developed by scientists at Ohio State University.
https://www.labroots.com/trending/cancer/15457/electromagnetic-fields-treat-metastatic-triple-negative-breast-cancer

Slow electrons to combat cancer

Slow electons can be used to destroy cancer cells - but how exactly this happens has not been well understood. 

Now scientists have been able to demonstrate that a previously little-observed effect actually plays a pivotal role: Due to a process called interatomic Coulombic decay, an ion can pass on additional energy to surrounding atoms. 

This frees a huge number of electrons, with precisely the right amount of energy to cause optimal damage to the DNA of the cancer cells. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190822101429.htm

Use of systems biology in understanding the biological effectsof electromagnetic fields

This review discusses the use of systems biology in understanding the biological effects of electromagnetic fields, with particular focus on induction of genomic instability and cancer. 

We introduce basic concepts of the dynamical systems theory such as the state space and attractors and the use of these concepts in understanding the behavior of complex biological systems. 

We then discuss genomic instability in the framework of the dynamical systems theory, and describe the hypothesis that environmentally induced genomic instability corresponds to abnormal attractor states; large enough environmental perturbations can force the biological system to leave normal evolutionarily optimized attractors (corresponding to normal cell phenotypes) and migrate to less stable variant attractors. 

We discuss experimental approaches that can be coupled with theoretical systems biology such as testable predictions, derived from the theory and experimental methods, that can be used for measuring the state of the complex biological system. 

We also review potentially informative studies and make recommendations for further studies.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334016168_Electromagnetic_Fields_Genomic_Instability_and_Cancer_A_Systems_Biological_View